HOW TO PREPARE 30 GRAMS OF SIMPLE SYRUP

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FORMULA :





SUCROSE : 20.01 GRAMS.


DISTILLED WATER : 22.00 ML.





THEORY :





A SYRUP is a thick, VISCOUS LIQUID, containing a large amount of dissolved SUGARS, but showing little tendency to deposit CRYSTALS. The viscosity arises from the multiple HYDROGEN BONDS between the dissolved sugar, which has many HYDROXYL (OH) groups, and the WATER. Technically and scientifically, the term syrup is also employed to denote viscous, generally residual, liquids, containing substances other than sugars in solution. Artificial maple syrup is made with water and an extremely large amount of dissolved sugar. The solution is heated so more sugar can be put in than normally possible. The solution becomes super-saturated.





FLAVOURED SYRUP is prepared by adding certain quantities of ORANGE FLAVOURING and CINNAMON water to simple syrup. Similarly, medicated syrups are prepared by adding medicaments to, or dissolving them in, the simple syrup.





PROCEDURE :





FIRST TAKE A BOROSIL BEAKER AND INSERT WHITE POWDERY SUCROSE SOLUTION AND ADD DISTILLED WATER IN IT GENTLY. HEAT IT ABOUT 30 - 35 MINUTES. AFTER HEATING ABOUT 30 - 35 MINUTES YOUR SUGAR SYRUP OR SIMPLE SYRUP IS READY AND PREPARED. SUGAR SYRUP FEELS STICKY WHEN TOUCHING AND IS BROWN IN COLOUR.





USE :





IT IS ONLY USED AS A SWEETING AGENT.

HOW TO PREPARE 30 ML OF AMMONIUM ACETATE SOLUTION

FORMULA :

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• 
  
  GLACIAL ACETIC ACID : 13.59 GRAMS.


• 
  
  AMMONIUM BICARBONATE : 14.10 GRAMS.


• 
  
  STRONG SOLUTION OF AMMONIA : 3.00 ML.


• 
  
  DISTILLED WATER : 30.00 ML.

THEORY :

a solution is a HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE composed of two or more substances. In such a mixture, a solute is dissolved in another substance, known as a SOLVENT. A common example is a SOLID, such as SALT or SUGAR, dissolved in WATER, a LIQUID. GASES may DISSOLVE in liquids, for example, CARBON DIOXIDE or OXYGEN in water. Liquids may dissolve in other liquids. Gases can combine with other gases to form mixtures, rather than solutions. All solutions are characterized by interactions between the solvent phase and solute molecules or ions that result in a net decrease in free energy. Under such a definition, gases typically cannot function as solvents, since in the gas phase interactions between molecules are minimal due to the large distances between the molecules. This lack of interaction is the reason gases can expand freely and the presence of these interactions is the reason liquids do not expand.Solutions should be distinguished from non-homogeneous mixtures such as COLLOIDS and SUSPENSIONS.

PROCEDURE :

FIRST TAKE THE DISTILLED WATER IN A BOROSIL BEAKER AND THEN POUR GLACIAL ACETIC ACID IN IT AND MIX IT WELL. AFTER MIXING WELL INSERT AMMONIUM BICARBONATE GENTLY. AFTER MIXING THE SOLUTION WILL APPEAR COOL AND FEEL COOL WHEN TOUCHING LOWER PORTION OF BEAKER. WHEN AMMONIUM BICARBONATE CRYSTALS ARE DISSOLVED COMPLETELY IN THE SOLUTION THEN ADD STRONG SOLUTION OF AMMONIA DROP BY DROP. AFTER DOING ENTIRE PROCESS YOUR SOLUTION WILL BE READY.

HAZARDS :

MAY CAUSE IRRITATION TO SKIN, EYES, AND RESPIRATORY TRACT. MAY BE HARMFUL IF SWALLOWED.

HANDLING AND STORAGE :

Keep in a tightly closed container, stored in a cool, dry, ventilated area. Protect against physical damage. Isolate from incompatible substances. Containers of this material may be hazardous when empty since they retain product residues (dust, solids); observe all warnings and precautions listed for the product.

USE :

Laboratory Reagent.

HOW TO PREPARE 30 ML OF LYSOL SOLUTION

FORMULA:

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• POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE : 1.26 GRAMS.


• 
  
  DISTLLED WATER : 7.50 ML.


• 
  
  VEGETABLE OIL : 5.90 GRAMS.


• 
  
  ORTHO- CRESOL : 15.00 ML.

THEORY:

Disinfectants are ANTI-MICROBIAL AGENTS that are applied to non-living objects to destroy MICROORGANISMS, the process of which is known as disinfection.Disinfectants should generally be distinguished from ANTIBIOTICS that destro MICROORGANISMS within the body, and from ANTISEPTICS, which destroy microorganisms on living TISSUE. Sanitizers are substances that reduce the number of microorganisms to a safe level.One official and legal version states that a sanitizer must be capable of killing 99.999%, known as a 5 log reduction, of a specific bacterial test population, and to do so within 30 seconds. The main difference between a sanitizer and a disinfectant is that at a specified use dilution, the disinfectant must have a higher kill capability for pathogenic bacteria compared to that of a sanitizer. Very few disinfectants and sanitizers can STERILIZE (the complete elimination of all microorganisms), and those that can depend entirely on their mode of application. Bacterial ENDOSPORES are most resistant to disinfectants, however some viruses and bacteria also possess some tolerance.

PROCEDURE:

FIRST TAKE A BOROSIL GLASS MADE BEAKER AND INSERT POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE AND ALSO POUR DISTILLED WATER AND MIX IT WELL SO THAT NO CRYSTALS WILL BE SEEN IN SOLUTION. NOW, HEAT THE MIXTURE,AFTER HEATING ABOUT 7 - 8 MINUTES POUR VEGETABLE OIL IN IT AND AGAIN HEAT, WHEN VEGETABLE OIL MIXED IT COMPLETELY IN THE SOLUTION THEN POUR FADE RED COLOURED SOLUTION WHICH IS CALLED ORTHO- CRESOL POURED IN IT AND THEN HEAT GENTLY. AFTER HEATING ABOUT 14- 15 MINUTES NOW YOUR DISINFECTANT NAMED LYSOL WILL BE READY TO USE.

USES :

IT ACT AS DISINFECTANT AND IT IS APPLIED ONLY IN AN INANIMATE OBJECTS, IT IS HIGHLY POISONOUS TO CONSUME . IT IS ONLY FOR EXTRENAL USE.

IT IS USED IN HOSPITALS FOR FLOOR CLEANING AND IN HOUSEHOLD PURPOSES.

Practical sction for General Pharmacy

How to prepare 100 ml of Calamine lotion:

FORMULA :- - - -

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• 
  
  CALAMINE : 15.0 GRAMS.


• 
  
  ZINC OXIDE : 5.0 GRAMS.


• 
  
  BENTUNITE : 3.0 GRAMS.


• 
  
  SODIUM CITRATE : 0.5 GRAMS.


• 
  
  LIQUIFIED PHENOL : 0.5 ML.


• 
  
  GLYCERINE : 5.0 ML.


• 
  
  ROSE WATER : 0.02 ML.


• 
  
  DISTILLED WATER : UPTO 100.0 ML.

PROCEDURE :

FIRST TAKE THE CALAMINE ABOUT 15 GMS IN A MORTAR AND THEN TAKE ZINC OXIDE AND MIX WELL IN A MORTAR, THIRDLY,TAKE BENTUNITE AND MIX IT WELL. TAKE SODIUM CITRATE IN A SMALL BEAKER AND MIX IT WITH 30 ML OF DISTILLED WATER AND POUR THE SOLUTION IN A MORTAR GENTLY AND MIX IT WILL TILL ALL INGERDIENTS WILL BE SEEN IN A FINE POWEDERY AND SMOOTH PASTE. AFTRE THAT, POUR GLYCERINE DROP BY DROP AND ALSO POUR ROSE WATER GENTLY. LASTLY, TAKE A DISTILLED OR PURIFIED WATER IN A MEASURING CYLINDER ABOUT UPTO 100 ML AND POUR 100 ML OF DISTILLED WATER IN A MORTAR AND KEEP IN A CLOSED BOTTLE. SO YOUR CALAMINE LOTION WILL BE READY. SHAKE WELL BEFORE USE.

THEORY :

A lotion is a low- to medium-viscosity, topical preparation intended for application to unbroken skin; creams and gels have a higher viscosity. Most lotions are oil-in-water emulsions, but water-in-oil lotions are also formulated. Lotions are usually applied to external skin with bare hands, a clean cloth, cotton wool or gauze; creams and gels usually only with one's fingers or palms. Many lotions, especially Hand Creams and Face cream are formulated not as a medicine delivery system, but simply to smooth and soften the skin— these are particularly popular with the aging and aged demographic groups, and in the case of face usage, can also be classified as a cosmetic in many cases.
The key components of a skin care lotion, cream or gel emulsion (that is mixtures of oil and water) are the aquous and oily phases, an emulgent to prevent separation of these two phases, and, if used, the drug substance or substances. A wide variety of other ingredients such as fragnances, glycerol, petrolium jelly, dyes, preservatives proteins and stabilizing agents are commonly added to lotions.

USES :

Calamine is a mixture of ZINC OXIDE (ZnO) with about 0.5% IRON OXIDE(Fe2O3). CALAMINE is the main ingredient in calamine lotion and is used as an ANTIPRURITIC (anti-itching agent) to treat mild pruritic conditions such as SUNBURN , ECZEMA , RASHES, POISON IVY , CHICKEN POX , INSECT bites and stings.It is also used as a mild ANTISEPTIC to prevent infections that can be caused by scratching the affected area, and an ASTRINGENT to dry weeping or oozing BLISTERS and ACNE ABSCESSES. IT ALSO ACT AS SOOTHING,SMOOTHING AND MOISTURING AGENT AND GIVES PROTECTION FROM SUNBURN.

Pharmaceutical Analysis 2

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1. 
   
   Accuracy :- It is the measurement of correctness of analysis.


2. 
   
   Accuracy of the determination may be defined as the concordance between it and the true or the most probable value.

• 
  
  Methods for determinig analysis :- - - - -

1. 
   
   Absolute method :- Synthetic sample of known amount of constituents are prepared by weighing about pure elements or compounds of known stoichiometric composition.


2. 
   
   These substances are available commercially or prepared by analysis and subjected to vigorous purification by recrystallization.

3. The substances must be of known purity.

• 
  
  Test of Accuracy :- - - - -


• 
  
  amount of constituents are taken and proceed according to the specify instruction.


• 
  
  The amount of constituents is varied because the determinate error in the procedure may be the function of amount used.


• 
  
  Here, accuracy = Mean of results-Amount of constituents present.


• 
  
  Comparitive method :- - - - -


• 
  
  In analysis of minerals, it is impossible to prepare solid synthetic sample of desired composition.


• 
  
  We use accuracy standards.

Precision : - - - - - - -

• 
  
  It is the concordance of the series of measurement of same quantity.

• 
  
  Primary Standards:- - - - - -

Primary standards are the referenced solution that are used frequently in defined conentration.

Primary compounds are made of compound of sufficient impurity.

• 
  
  Requirement of primary standards: -- - - - - -

1. 
   
   It must be easy to obtain purity,dry or preserved in pure state.


2. 
   
   It should get unaltered in air during weighing.


3. 
   
   It should have relatively higher molecular masses such that weighing errors must be negligible.


4. 
   
   It should be readily soluble under conditions under which it is employed.


5. 
   
   The reaction with a standard should be stoichiometric or practically instantaneous.

• 
  
  Substances commonly employed as primary standards: -- - - - - -

1. 
   
   Acid- base reaction: - - - - -

Sodium carbonate, Sodium tetraborate, Potassium hydrogn pthalate, Potassium hydrogen iodate.

• 
  
  Compex formation reaction: - - - - - - -

In this reaction we use pure metals as primary standard.

Examples: - - - - -

Zinc, Magnesium, COPPER, Manganese.

• 
  
  Precipitation reaction: - - - - - - -

Examples: - - - - -

Silver, Silver nitrate, KCl, NaCl.

• 
  
  Oxidation and reduction reaction: - -- - - - -

Potassium dichromate, Potassium bromate , Potassium iodate, sodium oxalate.

• 
  
  Secondary standard: -- - - - - - -

In this the content of active substances have been found by comparison aganist a primary standard.

In primary standard, the conc. of dissolved solute is determined by direct weight while in secondary standard the conc. of dissolved solute is determined by the reaction of the volume of the solution aganist measured volume of the primary standard.

• 
  
  Classification of errors: - - - - - - -

1. 
   
   Systematic or determinate error: -- - - -

These are those errors which can be avoided & whose magnitude can be determined.

• 
  
  Operational or personal error :- - - - -

This is connected with individual but not with method.

Example: - - - --

Inability of a person to judge burette reading or colour change.

The chemical loss of material during sample dissolution from bumping.

• 
  
  Instrumental & reagent error : - - - -

This is due to the faulty construction of instruments.

Example: - -- - - - -

Use of uncaliberated weight.

Use of reagent containing impurity and attack on glass & porcelain etc.

• 
  
  Error of method: - - - - - -

This is the most serious error & difficult to detect.

example: - - - --

Solubility of precipitate.

1. 
   
   random or indeterminate error: - - - - - These errors are due to causes overwhich analyst has no control.