- Analysis are of two types:- - -
- Qualitative Analysis.
- Quantitative analysis.
- Quantitative analysis are also of two types:- - -
- Volumetric Analysis.
- Titrimetric Analysis.
- Quantitative chemical analysis carries out by determining the volume of solutions of accurately known as concentration which is required to react quantitatively with a measured volume of the solution of the substance to be determined.
- Standard Solution: The solution of accurately known strength is known as Standard solution.
- The reagent of known concentration is called TITRANT and substance being titrized called TITRAND.
- Process of adding the standard solution until the reaction is just complete is also termed as TITRANT.
- Process at which chemical or colour change occurs is known as equivalence point and theorotical point and stoichiometric end point.
- The completion of titrant is detected by some physical change of the standard solution.
In titrimetric analysis reaction must obey the follwing condition : - - -
- They must be a simple reaction which can be expressed by chemical equation.
- Reaction should be realtively passed.
- There must be an alteration in some physical and chemical properties of the solution and equivalence point.
- An indicator should be available in physical properties should sharply defines the end point of the solution.
Classification of reaction in titrimetric analysis: - - -
- Neutralisation reaction and acidimety and alkalimetry.
- Complex formation reaction.
- Precipitation reaction.
- Oxidation and reduction reaction.
- This includes titration of free bases, those are formed from the salts of weak acid by hydrolysis with a standard acid called Acidimetry and those are formed by hydrolysis of the salt of weak base with a standard base called Alkalimetry.
- This reaction depends upon the combination of ions to form a precipitate.
for example: - -- - -- - Silver ion of solution in chloride.
- Indicators are metal ions.
- Some principle oxidizing agents are listed below : - - - -
KMnO4, Potassium dichromate, iodine, Potassium iodide, cerium (iv) sulphate.
- Some principle reducing agents are listed below : - - - -
Vanadiun (II) chloride/sulphate, Titanium (II) chloride/sulphate, chromium (II) chloride/sulphate.
- IUPAC definition of Mole : - - - - -
Amount of substance which contains as many elementary units as there are atoms in 0.012 Kg of C-12. The elementary units must be specified and may be an atom, molecule, ion, radical, an electon or other particle or specified group of such particles.
- Molarity : - - - - Ratio of the moles of solute to the volume of solution in litres. It is denoted by capital M.
